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La ĉi-suba teksto estas aŭtomata traduko de la artikolo Treaty of Trianon article en la angla Vikipedio, farita per la sistemo GramTrans on 2017-08-23 15:01:21. The law aimed to provide education, health benefits and employment rights to those, and was said to heal the negative effects of the disastrous 1920 Trianon Treaty.[119][120]. [124] Meanwhile, the territory of present-day Czech Republic (Kingdom of Bohemia) owned 75% of the whole industrial capacity of former Austria-Hungary. It called for a negotiated end to the war, international disarmament, the withdrawal of the Central Powers from occupied territories, the creation of a Polish state, the redrawing of Europe's borders along ethnic lines, and the formation of a League of Nations to guarantee the political independence and territorial integrity of all states. Trattato del Trianon (1920) - Trattato di pace firmato dopo la Prima guerra mondiale, col quale l'Ungheria perse il 72% circa dei suoi territori. Hungary also renounced all privileges in territories outside Europe that were administered by the former Austro-Hungarian monarchy. Ovviamente questi non furono mai rispettati dai paesi eredi. Minorities made up 8% of the total population in 1930 and 7% in 1941 (on the post-Trianon territory). "The United States' Role in the Shaping of the Peace Treaty of Trianon. Document 246. Questa pagina è stata modificata per l'ultima volta il 26 apr 2020 alle 21:56. Nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg musste Ungarn zwei Drittel seines früheren Staatsgebietes abgeben. Germany, the major ally of Austria-Hungary in World War I, suffered numerous losses during Hundred Days Offensive between August and November 1918 and was in negotiation of armistice with Allied Powers from beginning of October 1918. In June, the Hungarian Red Army invaded the eastern part of Upper Hungary, claimed by the newly forming Czechoslovak state. Media in category "Treaty of Trianon" The following 29 files are in this category, out of 29 total. WikiMatrix WikiMatrix . By the arbitrations of Germany and Italy, Hungary expanded its borders towards neighbouring countries before and during World War II. The Hungarian government terminated its union with Austria on 31 October 1918, officially dissolving the Austro-Hungarian state. This sum sunk to a mere 8.6 million crowns after the treaty took effect and resulted in a starving of capital in other regions of the former empire.[132]. This was later known as the Red Terror in Hungary. The treaty regulated the status of an independent Hungarian state and defined its borders. The army of post-Trianon Hungary was to be restricted to 35,000 men and there was to be no conscription. [42][43] The Hungarian Soviet Republic was a small communist rump state. Kun then unsuccessfully tried to turn the remaining units of the demoralized Hungarian Red Army on the Romanians. According to the 1910 census, speakers of the Hungarian language included approximately 48% of the entire population of the kingdom, and 54% of the population of the territory referred to as "Hungary proper", i.e. [54] The United States did not ratify the Treaty of Trianon. [98][99][100] Areas with significant Hungarian populations included the Székely Land[101] in Eastern Transylvania, the area along the newly defined Romanian-Hungarian border (cities of Arad, Oradea), the area north of the newly defined Czechoslovakian–Hungarian border (Komárno, Csallóköz), southern parts of Subcarpathia and northern parts of Vojvodina. I confini provvisori dell'Ungheria vennero definiti nel novembre/dicembre 1918. in Joseph Held, ed., Jeszenszky, Géza. von Trianon (in ca. Many Czechoslovak troops, in fact, started working for the Allied Cause, and in September 1918, five Czechoslovak Regiments were formed in the Italian Army. [citation needed] During the rule of Károlyi's pacifist cabinet, Hungary lost the control over approx. To make the situation even more complex, in the multilingual kingdom there were territories with ethnically mixed populations where people spoke two or even three languages natively. This census recorded population by language and religion, but not by ethnicity. It was signed on June 4, 1920, at the Trianon Palace at Versailles, France . Rispetto al Regno di Ungheria (già facente parte dell'Impero austro-ungarico), i confini dell'Ungheria uscita dalla guerra non comprendevano: I confini definitivi vennero delineati dal trattato del Trianon nel 1920. [20], On 6 April 1917, the United States entered the war against Germany, and in December 1917 against Austria-Hungary. 2,431,273 "others" (mostly Hungarians – 1,662,948 (31.6%) and Germans – 563,087 (10.7%)). 75% of its former pre-WWI territories (325,411 km2 (125,642 sq mi)) without a fight and was subject to foreign occupation.[32]. [62] This made it possible for Hungary to reach nearly the former Galician (Polish) border, thus separating the Czechoslovak and Romanian troops from each other. By the time the victorious Allies arrived in France, the treaty was already settled, which made the outcome inevitable. [17] This caused a rapidly escalating July Crisis resulting in Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia, followed quickly by the entry of most European powers into the First World War. A. J. P. Taylor, The Habsburg Monarchy 1809–1918, 1948. Representatives of small nations living in the former Austria-Hungary and active in the Congress of Oppressed Nations regarded the treaty of Trianon for being an act of historical righteousness[70] because a better future for their nations was "to be founded and durably assured on the firm basis of world democracy, real and sovereign government by the people, and a universal alliance of the nations vested with the authority of arbitration" while at the same time making a call for putting an end to "the existing unbearable domination of one nation over the other" and making it possible "for nations to organize their relations to each other on the basis of equal rights and free conventions". The last alliance was the so called Little Entente (Südosteuropa Lexikon 354, Kertesz 45). G. Gratz and R. Schuller, Die Wirtschaftliche Zusammenbruch Oesterreich Ungarns (Vienna. Romanian forces were permitted to advance to the River Maros (Mureș). Slovenský náučný slovník, I. zväzok, Bratislava-Český Těšín, 1932. Le potenze vincitrici comprendevano Stati Uniti, Regno Unito, Francia e Italia; i loro alleati erano Romania, Regno dei Serbi, Croati e Sloveni (in seguito Jugoslavia) e Cecoslovacchia; mentre la parte sconfitta era l'ex monarchia austro-ungarica, rappresentata dall'Ungheria. For example, in the territory what is today Slovakia (then part of Upper Hungary) 18% of the Slovaks, 33% of the Hungarians and 65% of the Germans were bilingual. The Kingdom of Hungary was the main supplier of wheat, rye, barley and other various goods in the empire and these comprised a large portion of the empire's exports. [111] For non-Hungarians from the Pannonian Basin it was a process of decolonisation instead of a punitive dismemberment (as was seen by the Hungarians). Il trattato venne firmato il 4 giugno 1920 nel palazzo del Grand Trianon di Versailles (Francia) The Treaty of Trianon (French: Traité de Trianon, Hungarian: Trianoni békeszerződés) was prepared at the Paris Peace Conference and was signed in the Grand Trianon Palace in Versailles on 4 June 1920. The French sided with their allies the Romanians who had a long policy of cultural ties to France since the country broke from the Ottoman Empire (due in part to the relative ease at which Romanians could learn French)[114] although Clemenceau personally detested Bratianu. "The Image of the "Maimed Hungary" in 20th Century Cultural Memory and the 21st Century Consequences of an Unresolved Collective Trauma: The Impact of the Treaty of Trianon." However, it is generally accepted that the largest ethnic group in the Kingdom of Hungary in this time were the Hungarians. The men of the Hungarian Red Army were recruited mainly from the volunteers of the Budapest proletariat. [104] Compared to the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary, post-Trianon Hungary had 60% less population and its political and economic footprint in the region was significantly reduced. Englische Übersetzung von Trattato del Trianon. Rist, The Economic Situation of Austria (Geneva, 1923). Importance of Hungary. While several demographers (David W. Paul,[80] Peter Hanak, László Katus[81]) state that the outcome of the census is reasonably accurate (assuming that it is also properly interpreted), others believe that the 1910 census was manipulated[82][83] by exaggerating the percentage of the speakers of Hungarian, pointing to the discrepancy between an improbably high growth of the Hungarian-speaking population and the decrease of percentual participation of speakers of other languages due to Magyarization in the kingdom in the late 19th century.[84]. Εξετάστε τα παραδείγματα μετάφρασης του Trattato del Trianon σε προτάσεις, ακούστε την προφορά και μάθετε τη γραμματική. Under the terms of the armistice, Serbian and French troops advanced from the south, taking control of the Banat and Croatia. Il trattato del Trianon fu il trattato di pace con cui le potenze vincitrici della prima guerra mondiale stabilirono le sorti del Regno d'Ungheria in seguito alla dissoluzione dell'Impero austro-ungarico. [24] General Franchet d'Espèrey followed up the victory by overrunning much of the Balkans and by the war's end, his troops had penetrated well into Hungary. King Charles had no other option than the appointment of Mihály Károlyi as prime minister of Hungary. Some conditions of the Treaty were similar to those imposed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles. ", Bartha, Dezso. p. 222. the Treaty of Trianon France started or planned to form new allies. Variously mentioned throughout Glenny, Misha. in Joseph Held, ed., Miller, Vol. ", Wilfried Fest, Peace or Partition, The Habsburg Monarchy and British Policy, 1914–1918 (New York: St. Martin's 1978). Il trattato del Trianon fu il trattato di pace con cui le potenze vincitrici della prima guerra mondiale stabilirono le sorti del Regno d'Ungheria in seguito alla dissoluzione dell'Impero austro-ungarico. Romsics, Ignác. The communist government followed the Soviet model: the party established its terror groups (like the infamous Lenin Boys) to "overcome the obstacles" in the Hungarian countryside. 1930); K. Rotschild, Austria's Economic Development Between the Two Wars (London, 1946). [7][8][9][10] The treaty limited Hungary's army to 35,000 officers and men, and the Austro-Hungarian Navy ceased to exist. However, after the Central Powers had noticed the military manoeuvre, the attempt was quickly choked off and Bucharest fell in the same year. The Romanian Army attacked the Hungarian flank with troops from the 16th Infantry Division and the Second Vânători Division, aiming to maintain contact with the Czechoslovak Army. Le potenze vincitrici … (Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2006), Bihari, Peter. In addition, 61% of arable land, 74% of public roads, 65% of canals, 62% of railroads, 64% of hard surface roads, 83% of pig iron output, 55% of industrial plants, and 67% of credit and banking institutions of the former Kingdom of Hungary lay within the territory of Hungary's neighbours. [46] The communist party and communist policies only had real popular support among the proletarian masses of large industrial centers – especially in Budapest – where the working class represented a high proportion of the inhabitants. For Hungarian public opinion, the fact that almost three-fourths of the pre-war kingdom's territory and a significant number of ethnic Hungarians were assigned to neighbouring countries triggered considerable bitterness. El sustine ca premierul Vlad Filat nu avea mandatul necesar pentru a semna acest act. At the heart of the dispute lay fundamentally different views on the nature of the Hungarian presence in the disputed territories. [12] The Hungarian delegation signed the treaty under protest, and agitation for its revision began immediately. El Tractat del Trianon, signat el 4 de juny de 1920, és la conclusió de l'assemblea celebrada al palau del Grand Trianon del castell de Versalles , per tal d'establir l'status d'Hongria després de la seva derrota a la I Guerra Mundial. The country also lost access to the Mediterranean and to the important sea port of Rijeka (Fiume), and became landlocked, which had a negative effect on sea trading and strategic naval operations. [92], After the treaty, the percentage and the absolute number of all Hungarian populations outside of Hungary decreased in the next decades (although, some of these populations also recorded temporary increase of the absolute population number). Although the countries that were the main beneficiaries of the treaty partially noted the issues, the Hungarian delegates tried to draw attention to them. Unemployment levels in Austria, as well as in Hungary, were dangerously high, and industrial output dropped by 65%. and Mindent vissza! [133], With the creation of customs barriers and fragmented protective economies, the economic growth and outlook in the region sharply declined,[134] ultimately culminating in a deep recession. Il trattato venne firmato il 4 giugno 1920 nel palazzo del Grand Trianon di Versailles (Francia). "Hungarian Revisionism in Thought and Action, 1920–1941: Plans, Expectations, Reality" in Marina Cattaruzza ed., Várdy, Steven Béla. After these population movements, Hungary became a nearly ethnically homogeneous country. Despite a series of military victories against the Czechoslovak army, the Hungarian Red Army started to disintegrate due to tension between nationalists and communists during the establishment of the Slovak Soviet Republic. In absolute terms, Romanian troops had considerably fewer casualties than either Britain or France, however. The Hungarians could not take part in the negotiations, so the treaty was dictated by the victorious powers of the Entente (Südosteuropa Lexikon 517), to refinance the war … Se vi volas enigi tiun artikolon en la originalan Esperanto-Vikipedion, vi povas uzi nian specialan redakt-interfacon. The Hungarian Red Army recruited men between 19–25 years of age. For all intents and purposes, the death knell of the Austro-Hungarian empire sounded on 14 October 1918, when United States Secretary of State Robert Lansing informed Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister István Burián that autonomy for the nationalities was no longer enough. Post-Trianon Hungary possessed 90% of the engineering and printing industry of the pre-war Kingdom, while only 11% of timber and 16% of iron was retained. ("No, no, never!") The census of 1910 classified the residents of the Kingdom of Hungary by their native languages[78] and religions, so it presents the preferred language of the individual, which may or may not correspond to the individual's ethnic identity. [103] The Western powers' main priority was to prevent a resurgence of the German Reich and they therefore decided that her allies in the region, Austria and Hungary, should be "contained" by a ring of states friendly to the Allies,[citation needed] each of which would be bigger than either Austria or Hungary. Guarda gli esempi di traduzione di Trattato del Trianon nelle frasi, ascolta la pronuncia e impara la grammatica. Eventualaj ŝanĝoj en la angla originalo estos kaptitaj per regulaj retradukoj. More concentrated groups were found in Czechoslovakia (parts of southern Slovakia), Yugoslavia (parts of northern Délvidék), and Romania (parts of Transylvania). English Otherwise, the Treaty of Trianon will come to represent for all of us something that is not good Il trattato del Trianon fu il trattato di pace con cui le potenze vincitrici della prima guerra mondiale stabilirono le sorti del Regno d'Ungheria in seguito alla dissoluzione dell' Impero austro-ungarico. Romania e Jugoslavia dovettero assumersi parte degli obblighi finanziari dell'Ungheria, per via del territorio posto sotto la loro sovranità, ma allo stesso tempo pesanti riparazione belliche furono imposte all'Ungheria (200 milioni di corone). This started by the First Vienna Award, then was continued with the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1939 (annexation of the remainder of Carpathian Ruthenia and a small strip from eastern Slovakia), afterwards by the Second Vienna Award in 1940, and finally by the annexations of territories after the breakup of Yugoslavia. These decisions and their consequences have been the cause of deep resentment in Hungary ever since. A cura della Lega per la revisione del Trattato di Trianon. On 1 December 1919, the Hungarian delegation was officially invited to the Versailles Peace Conference; however, the newly defined borders of Hungary were nearly concluded without the presence of the Hungarians. Accordingly, the Allies assumed without question that the minority ethnic groups of the pre-war kingdom wanted to leave Hungary. Ad es. [141], Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Hungary, Arrival of the two signatories, Ágost Benárd and Alfréd Drasche-Lázár, on 4 June 1920 at the, Austro-Hungarian Armistice, Aster Revolution and the First Hungarian Republic, Fall of the Hungarian liberal regime and communist coup d'état, Distribution of the non-Hungarian and Hungarian populations, Hungarians outside the newly defined borders, Michael Toomey, "History, nationalism and democracy: myth and narrative in Viktor Orbán’s 'illiberal Hungary'.". 4 June - Treaty of Trianon, Treaty of Peace between the Allies and Hungary. What happened to Austria in industry happened to Hungary in agriculture where production of grain declined by more than 70%. Romania, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia had to assume part of the financial obligations of the former Kingdom of Hungary on account of the parts of its former territory that were assigned under their sovereignty. Dal punto di vista economico, il 61,4% della terra arabile, l'88% dei boschi, il 62,2% delle ferrovie, il 64,5% delle strade battute, l'83,1% della produzione di ghisa, il 55,7% degli impianti industriali e il 67% degli istituti bancari e di credito dell'ex Regno d'Ungheria divennero parte di altre nazioni. The last census before the Treaty of Trianon was held in 1910. The present day location of each area is given in parenthesis. The number of non-Hungarian and Hungarian communities in the different areas based on the census data of 1910 (in this, people were not directly asked about their ethnicity, but about their native language). Es ist das erste Mal , dass ein Mann , der den nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg unterzeichneten Friedensvertrag von Trianon ablehnt , unterstützt wird und in eine solch wichtige Position in Europa gewählt wird . "Hungarian and Soviet Efforts to Possess Ruthenia", Romsics, Ignác. The Hungarian politicians claimed that they were ready to give the non-Hungarian ethnicities a great deal of autonomy. Va comunque considerato il fatto che circa 3.000.000 di ungheresi vivono oggi fuori dai confini dell'odierna Ungheria (la popolazione dell'Ungheria è di 9,8 milioni). Hence, much of the rail cargo traffic of the emergent states was virtually paralysed. French diplomats played the major role in the drafting, and Hungarians were kept in the dark. The main reasons of this process were both spontaneous assimilation and the deliberate Magyarization policy of the state. The Trianon-treaty was the result of negotiations between Hungary and several countries of the Entente. Rispetto a quelli stabiliti diciotto mesi prima, i confini stavolta non comprendevano: In base al trattato del Trianon, le città di Pécs, Mohács, Baja e Szigetvár, che erano state occupate dalla Serbia nel novembre 1918, vennero restituite all'Ungheria. It outlined a policy of free trade, open agreements, and democracy. Hungary lost connection to strategic military and economic infrastructure due to the concentric layout of the railway and road network, which the borders bisected. It formally ended World War I between most of the Allies of World War I and the Kingdom of Hungary. Original from Indiana University All the formal districts of Austria-Hungary used to rely on each other's exports for growth and welfare; by contrast, 5 years after the treaty, traffic of goods between the countries dropped to less than 5% of its former value. President Woodrow Wilson acted as an independent force and his Fourteen Points was accepted by Germany as a basis for the armistice of November 1918. Tratatul a fost semnat în Palatul Marele Trianon de la Versailles de către 16 state aliate (inclusiv România), pe de o parte, și de Ungaria, de altă parte. [11], The principal beneficiaries were the Kingdom of Romania, the Czechoslovak Republic, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia), and the First Austrian Republic. Überprüfen Sie die Übersetzungen von 'Trattato dei XXIV articoli' ins Deutsch. Il trattato fu ritenuto unilaterale e ingiusto anche dai contemporanei e secondo alcuni storici contribuì in modo significativo allo scoppio della Seconda guerra mondiale. Tratatul de la Trianon a fost semnat la data de 4 iunie 1920 între Puterile Aliate învingătoare în Primul Război Mondial și Ungaria, în calitate de stat succesor al Imperiului Austro-Ungar, stat învins în Primul Război Mondial. 1922.". [40] On 21 March, he led a successful communist coup d'état; Károlyi was deposed and arrested. WikiMatrix WikiMatrix . Many former Austro-Hungarian officers re-enlisted for patriotic reasons. Some predominantly Hungarian settlements, consisting of more than two million people, were situated in a typically 20–50 km (12–31 mi) wide strip along the new borders in foreign territory. [130] These factors all combined created some imbalances in the now separated economic regions of the former Monarchy. On 20 March 1919, Béla Kun, who had been imprisoned in the Markó Street prison, was released. [2][3][4][5] French diplomats played the major role in designing the treaty, with a mind to establishing French-led coalition of the newly formed nations. [63][64] This view did not prevail for long, as it was disregarded by the decisive French and British delegates. Menyhért, Anna. Il Trattato del Trianon fu il trattato di pace con cui le potenze vincitrici della prima guerra mondiale stabilirono le sorti del Regno d’Ungheria in seguito alla dissoluzione dell’Impero Austro-Ungarico. Furthermore, ethnically diverse Transylvania, with an overall Romanian majority (53.8% – 1910 census data or 57.1% – 1919 census data or 57.3% – 1920 census data), was treated as a single entity at the peace negotiations and was assigned in its entirety to Romania. it Inizialmente, nonostante il crescente nazionalismo, il nuovo Regno sotto la reggenza di Horthy, nel tentativo di prevenire ulteriori conflitti immediati, firmò il trattato del Trianon, il 4 giugno 1920, che riduceva considerevolmente le dimensioni dell'Ungheria: la Transilvania fu ceduta alla Romania; l'Ungheria superiore. See/download bungalow rates Wooden bungalows Trianon Capacity 4 People. The 1919 and 1920 Transylvanian censuses indicate a smaller Hungarian minority (26.5% / 25.5%). Treaty of Trianon, (1920), treaty concluding World War I and signed by representatives of Hungary on one side and the Allied Powers on the other. [68] The intent of the Allies was principally to strengthen these successor states at the expense of Hungary. Il 31 ottobre 1918, a Timișoara venne proclamata la Repubblica del Banato e il governo ungherese ne riconobbe l'indipendenza. Tratatul de la Trianon a fost semnat la data de 4 iunie 1920 între Puterile Aliate învingătoare în Primul Război Mondial și Ungaria, în calitate de stat succesor al Imperiului Austro-Ungar, stat învins în Primul Război Mondial.Tratatul a fost semnat în Palatul Marele Trianon de la Versailles de către 16 state aliate (inclusiv România), pe de o parte, și de Ungaria, de altă parte. On 31 October 1918, in mid of armistice negotiations, the Aster Revolution in Budapest brought liberal Hungarian aristocrat Count Mihály Károlyi, a supporter of the Allied Powers, to power. Hungary had good relationship with Germany, another economic powerhouse in Europe. The Royal Romanian Army marched into Budapest on 4 August 1919. In addition, 21% of the Germans spoke both Slovak and Hungarian beside German. [35][36] It limited the size of the Hungarian army to six infantry and two cavalry divisions. Come il generale francese Ferdinand Foch commentò: "Questa non è la pace, ma solo un armistizio per 20 anni"[1]. Kun ordered the preparation of an offensive against Czechoslovakia, which would increase his domestic support by making good on his promise to restore Hungary's borders. Il trattato venne firmato il 4 giugno 1920 nel palazzo del Grande Trianon di Versailles, in Francia.Gli attori principali del trattato furono le potenze vincitrici, i loro alleati, e la parte sconfitta.

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